Oncomir-1 is an oncogenic cluster of microRNAs (miRNA) located on chromosome 13. Previous in vitro studies showed that it is transcriptionally regulated by the transcription factor E2F3. In this report, we combine expression profiling of both mRNA and miRNAs in Wilms' tumor (WT) samples to provide the first evidence that the E2F3-Oncomir-1 axis, previously identified in cell culture, is deregulated in primary human tumors. Analysis of RNA expression signatures showed that an E2F3 gene signature was activated in all WT samples analyzed, in contrast to other kidney tumors. This finding was validated by immunohistochemistry on the protein level. Expression of E2F3 was lowest in early-stage tumors and highest in metastatic tissue. Expression profiling of miRNAs in WT showed that expression of each measured member of the Oncomir-1 family was highest in WT relative to other kidney tumor subtypes. Quantitative PCR confirmed that these miRNAs were overexpressed in WT relative to normal kidney tissue. These results suggest that the E2F3-Oncomir-1 axis is activated in WT. Our study also shows the utility of integrated genomics combining gene signature analysis with miRNA expression profiling to identify protein-miRNA interactions that are perturbed in disease states. [Cancer Res 2008;68(11):4034–8]